Introduction - About the author of this report - Executive summary - Agenda
The solid state lighting revolution - What drives the solid state lighting revolution - Moore's law for semiconductor electronics - Tokyo's market situation for lamps today, prices, lifetime, efficiency
Dramatic changes for today's established lighting industry - today's lighting industry, the status quo: market segmentation, energy consumption, environmental impact (incl graphics and quantitative analysis) - today's lamp industry: key players and their market shares and their strategies - the global energy bill for lighting - operating costs, lighting efficiency, and ratios for LEDs, compact fluorescent lamps and kerosene lamps - lighting efficiencies for the most important lamp technologies as a function of time (graphics: 1970 - 2020) - luminous efficiencies for different light sources
General lighting, 'Ban the bulb', political and government actions - energy efficient lighting legislation - California - USA - developing countries
Physics and technology
Blue LEDs and lasers - key points - Why are blue and white GaN LEDs important? - Why are blue GaN lasers important? - Who invented GaN blue LEDs and Lasers?
Physics and technology - Light spectrum of an LED, a light bulb and a laser - Blue lasers for optical storage - What is a blue light emitting diode (LED)? - What is a laser diode (LD)? - Surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) vs edge emitting lasers - What is a light amplifier? - What is a resonant cavity? - Why Gallium Nitride?
The three steps to commercial GaN devices - Three key difficulties had to be solved - Lattice mismatch - High growth temperature - P-type doping - Some remaining issues
White GaN based LEDs - the basics of white GaN LEDs for general lighting - the three ways to make white GaN LEDs - color composition of white LEDs - color temperature
Long-lifetime GaN lasers - Development of long-lifetime GaN lasers - Schematic structure of Nakamuras blue laser - Schematics of ELOG for defect control
Why did Shuji Nakamura at Nichia succeed where many much larger corporations failed? - Management structure for Nakamuras work - About Nichia Chemical Industries - Nichia sales, profits and number of employees (data for 1983-2004)
Markets for GaN LEDs - main application sectors for GaN LEDs - traffic signals and specialty lighting - street lighting - displays and signage - archhitectural lighting, interior design, shops and retail - automotive applications, LED roadmap of a major Japanese car electronics maker, LED head lights and fog lamps - mobile phones - backlights for laptops, PCs, and TVs - general lighting
Market for GaN Lasers - Applications and markets for GaN lasers - Blu-ray disc and HD-DVD
Patent issues - 'The Club of Five' - Selected US Patents issued during 1993-1995 - overview of some licensing relationships in the 'The Club of Five'
Emerging new lighting industry structure - disruptive innovation for the lamp industry - Not all incumbents have equally strong positions - newcomers enter the lamp market - business models change
Nichia - origins and structure - Nichia's recent new share allocation - Nichia's sales and profits (graphics for 1985 - 2010) - Nichia's number of employees (graphics for 1985 - 2010)
Industry structure - the front line LED makers - equipment makers and other supplies - trends and projections
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