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Table of Contents 1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 1.1. The value market for electric vehicles EVs of all types
1.2. Profits IDTechEx electric vehicles market forecasts 2016-2026
1.3. League table of largest EV manufacturers
1.4. Market sectors and technology trends
1.5. Small and Medium Enterprises SME come to the fore
1.6. Numbers of manufacturers
1.7. Mark ups through the value chain
1.8. Electric 'cars' - many very different types
1.8.1.Car-like vehicles not homologated as cars
1.8.2.Terra Motors e-tuktuk/rickshaw in Southeast Asia
1.8.3.Plug-in vehicle sales
1.8.4.Why there will be a tipping point for pure electric cars
1.9.Market by territory
1.9.1.Global
1.9.2.Europe
1.9.3.China
1.9.4.USA
1.10.Lessons from EV related events
1.11.In-wheel Motors
1.11.2.Lightweighting
1.12.Range Extenders
1.13.Effect of 2015 oil price collapse on electric vehicles
1.14.Highlights of EVS28 Seoul South Korea May 2015
2. INTRODUCTION 2.1. Definitions and scope of this report
2.1.1. Organisations involved in the EV industry value chain
2.1.2. Commonality
2.1.3. Key components and systems
2.1.4.Batteries
2.1.5.Efficiency
2.2.Hybrid electric vehicles
2.2.1.Here come range extenders
2.2.2.Structural components
2.3.Benefits
2.3.1.How green are electric vehicles really?
2.3.2.Contrast global automotive production 2012: major polluter
3. HEAVY INDUSTRIAL EVS 3.1. What is included
3.2. Challenges
3.3. Listing of manufacturers
3.3.1.Statistics for all types of industrial lift truck
3.3.2.Manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs
3.4.Survey of expected powertrains including EV options
3.5.Market size
3.6.Conventional car with 48 V electric torque assist
4. LIGHT INDUSTRIAL, BUSES AND OTHER COMMERCIAL EVS 4.1. What is included
4.1.1.Large and diverse sector
4.1.2.Mainly on-road
4.1.3.Move to cities
4.1.4.Hybrid and pure electric trend
4.1.5.Sub categories4.2.Buses
4.2.1.Vans, pick-up trucks and larger on-road trucks
4.3.Market drivers4.4.Airport EVs: Ground Support Equipment GSE
4.4.1.Airbus signs MoU to develop airliner electric taxi system
4.5.Small people-movers
4.6.Light industrial aids
4.7.Listing of manufacturers
5. MOBILITY FOR THE DISABLED
5.1.Compelling and enduring need
5.2.The demographic time-bomb
5.2.1.Ageing population, obesity and the dependent elderly
5.2.2.Laws make mobility easier
5.3.Types of mobility vehicle
5.3.2.Interchina Industry Group China
5.4.Listing of manufacturers
5.4.2.Growth by creating new markets
5.4.3.Mobility dynamics
6. TWO WHEELED EVS AND ALLIED VEHICLES
6.1. What is included
6.1.1. China - unprecedented growth of electric two wheelers
6.1.2. Other countries
6.2. Prices and performances compared
6.2.2. Hybrid motorcycles
6.3. Market drivers
6.3.1. Bicycles and electric bicycles
6.3.2. The big winners in western markets
6.4. Statistics for all bicycles
6.5. Listing of manufacturers
6.5.1. China
6.6. Forecasts
6.6.1.Two-wheel dynamics
7. CAR-LIKE VEHICLES NOT HOMOLOGATED AS CARS: MICROEV, QUADRICYCLE, E TRIKE, NEV, GOLF CAR 7.1. Many names, common factors
7.2. Car-like vehicles that evade restrictions, taxes and other costs
7.3. Estrima Biro MicroEV Quadricycle removable battery
7.4. Philippines: big new commitments to e trikes
7.5. Listing of manufacturers beyond golf cars
7.6. Golf cars
7.6.1. What is included
7.6.2. Market drivers
7.6.3. Prices and profits
7.6.4. Listing of manufacturers
7.6.5. Forecasts
8.PURE ELECTRIC AND HYBRID CARS
8.1.Successful strategies
8.1.1.Plug-in market dynamics
8.1.2.Security of forecasts
8.1.3.New models as lead indicator
8.1.4.Profitability
8.2.Disruptive change and merging of all parts
8.3.Range extenders including fuel cells
8.4.Electric motors
8.5.Power electronics
8.5.1.Increased performance and complexity
8.5.2.Wide band gap semiconductors
8.6.Supercapacitors: more than meets the eye
8.6.1.Across batteries in cars
8.6.2.Completely replacing batteries in hybrid cars
8.6.3.Indian supercapacitor sports car
8.6.4.Across fuel cells in cars
8.7.Plugging in: when, where, why?
8.8.Progress of Toyota and Tesla
8.8.1.Market and technology priorities
8.8.2.Toyota simplifies priorities and Tesla lands Gigafactory partnership
8.9.Fuel cell cars: caution needed
9. MILITARY
9.1.Strong demand
9.2.Environmental and logistics pressures
9.3.Examples of military EVs
9.3.1.Hummer USA / China
9.3.2.Quantum Technologies USA Aggressor AMV
9.3.3.US Army trucks etc - ZAP, Columbia ParCar USA
9.3.4.Oshkosh Truck Corp USA
9.3.5.Electric robot vehicles USA
9.3.6.Autonomous vehicles for the military
9.4.Electric Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
9.4.1.Small electrical UAVs
9.4.2.The most successful electric UAV
9.4.3.Micro nano air vehicles9.4.4.Large electrical UAVs9.5.Examples of military EVs - in the water
9.5.1.US Naval Undersea Warfare Center
9.6.Manufacturers of military EVs
9.7.Forecasts
10. MARINE 10.1.1.Hybrid and pure electric tugboats
10.2.Market segments
10.2.1.Total market
10.2.2.Underwater
10.2.3.On the water
10.3.Market drivers
10.3.1.Pollution laws back electric boats - India, Europe, USA
10.3.2.Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) - Europe, USA
10.4.Energy Independent Vehicles EIV on water
10.4.1.Loon pontoon boat Canada
10.4.2.MARS Shuttleworth motor yacht, UK
10.4.3.Milper REP-SAIL motor yacht, Turkey
10.4.4.Rensea MARINA motor yacht Europe
10.4.5.Seaswarm oil slick gathering robot, USA
10.4.6.SoelCat motor boat Netherlands10.4.7.SolarLab tourist boats Germany
10.4.8.Sun 21 Solar Boat
10.4.9.Turanor Planet Solar Germany
10.4.10.Vaka Moana motor yacht Netherlands
10.5.Wave and sun powered sea gliders
10.5.1.Falmouth Scientific Inc. USA
10.5.2.Liquid Robotics USA
10.5.3.US Naval Undersea Warfare Center
10.6.Manufacturers by country and product
10.7.Selling prices
10.8.Forecasts
11.AIRCRAFT, MOBILE ROBOTS AND OTHER EVS 11.1.Definition
11.2.Market drivers
11.3.Listing of other manufacturers by country and product
11.4.Energy Independent Vehicles EIV in the air
11.4.1.Dirisolar airship France
11.4.2.ETHZ UAV Switzerland
11.4.3.ISIS airship USA
11.4.4.Lockheed Martin airship USA
11.4.5.NASA Helios USA
11.4.6.Northrop Grumman airship USA
11.4.7.Projet Sol'r Nepheleos France
11.4.8.Solar Flight USA
11.4.9.Solar Impulse Switzerland
11.4.10.Solar Ship inflatable aircraft Canada
11.4.11.Sunrise Solar airship Turkey
11.4.12.Turtle Airships Spain
11.5.Market size and trends
11.5.1.Non-military mobile robots - USA, UK, Japan
11.5.2.Research and hobbyist11.5.3.Electric aircraft for civil use
11.5.4.Robotic lawn mowers
11.6.Forecasts APPENDIX: CHINA EV PLUG-IN MARKET IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS AND CONSULTANCY TABLES
1.1.Forecast assumptions and market drivers by category of hybrid and pure electric EV 2016-2026
1.2.Numbers of electric vehicles, in thousands, sold globally, 2016-2026, by applicational sector
1.3.Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2016-2026, by applicational sector, rounded
1.4.Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2016-2026, by applicational sector, rounded
1.5.EV profitability by sector
1.6.Top 13 manufacturers of electric vehicles in 2014 showing rounded gross sales value of EVs ex factory by segment, % market share and trend of position. For 2013, first division in red, second division in blue and third division in
1.7.Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide in 2014 by application with numbers for China
1.8.Main market drivers
1.9.The value of the electric vehicle market by territory East Asia, Europe, North America, Other 2016 and 2026 percentage
1.10.Sales of new energy cars in China by model
1.11.Market share of plug in electric vehicles as a percentage of total vehicle sales
2.1.143 manufacturers and putative manufacturers of lithium-based rechargeable batteries with country, cathode and anode chemistry, electrolyte morphology, case type, applicational priorities and customer relationships, if any, in sel
2.2.Energy, number of riders and energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options
2.3.Global automotive production by country 2013
3.1.27 examples of manufacturers of heavy industrial EVs by country
3.2.Percentage split of global manufacture of heavy industrial trucks
3.3.Conventional car with 48 V electric torque assist as a new powertrain option shown yellow in powertrain options
4.1.150 manufacturers of light industrial and commercial EVs and drive trains by country and examples of their products
5.1.Statistics relevant to the challenge to society caused by ageing population
5.2.Features of mobility vehicles that may hold up the price by offering more in future
5.3.The percentage distribution of manufacture between Taiwan and Mainland China by value of vehicles for the disabled 2005, 2010 and 20155.4.83 examples of manufacturers of EVs for the disabled by country
6.1.Prices and performance of electric two wheelers
6.2.105 examples of manufacturers of electric motorcycles, two wheel EVs and electric quad bikes
6.3.Largest suppliers of electric bicycles by number (not in order)
6.4.34 sources of two wheelers in China by brand, region and battery chemistry
6.5.Listing of light electric scooter makers in China. Most use lead-acid battery chemistry but there is a move to lithium-ion batteries
7.1.85 examples of car and micro EV manufacturers beyond golf car, by country
7.2.19 examples of golf EV manufacturers
8.1.Examples of traditional limitations and market trends by type of basic design of traction motor Those used mainly on large vehicles but are also seen in cars shown in green. Those on smaller vehicles and high performance vehicles
9.1.Data for RQ-11A version of AeroVironment Raven
9.2.27 suppliers of military EVs
10.1.44 examples of manufacturers of EV electric water craft
10.2.Leading manufacturers of remotely operated and autonomous underwater vehicles for sale
10.3.Indicative prices for marine EVs in 2013
11.1.36 examples of manufacturers of mobile robots, toy, leisure, research or hobbyist EVs by country and product FIGURES
1.1.Numbers of electric vehicles, in thousands, sold globally, 2016-2026, by applicational sector
1.2.Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2016-2026, by applicational sector, rounded
1.3.Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2016-2026, by applicational sector, rounded
1.4.Ex-factory value of EVs, in 2016, percentage by applicational sector
1.5.Ex-factory value of EVs, in 2026, percentage by applicational sector
1.6.Basic schematic of pure EV power train
1.7.Size of vehicle, broadly indicated by price and battery kWh, related to when up-front cost becomes competitive with a conventional version
1.8.SMEs have more opportunity
1.9.The various types of car, the precise definitions, regulations and user preferences varying greatly between countries
1.10.kWh per passenger for conventional or electric on-road vehicles related to type of vehicle and showing cars to be uniquely inefficient
1.11.The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc whereas the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure electric car in the UK for ten years with s
1.12.Renault Twizy quadricycle which is now selling only at a modest rate. The standard model has no windows
1.13.Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels
1.14.Terra Motors R61.15.European homologation below cars
1.16.Hybrid and pure electric vehicle sales to 2025
1.17.Number of pure electric vehicles globally by country
1.18.Yearly sales of pure electric vehicles globally by country, personal and utility
1.19.Yearly US sales of plug-in vehicles1.20.Utility vs car EV sales in France
1.21.Sales in units of plug-in cars in China 2010-2014 showing fastest growth in microEVs - cars not homologated as such
1.22.Sales of plug-in cars in China through 2014 showing seasonality
1.23.Sales of electric buses in China by type 2009-2014
1.24.Monthly new PHEV and AEV sales by model to August 2014
1.25.Yearly new HEV sales by model to August 2014
1.26.Electric Drive Vehicle Share of new vehicle sales to August 2014
1.27.Monthly new EDV sales and gasoline prices to December 2014
1.28.Apple-like innovation for the disabled - Omnichair
1.29.Mining vehicles for open mines (over 90% of all mines) will no longer have 2-3 MW diesel mega-trucks climbing the sides but electric mega-trucks at top and bottom, according to Deloitte Touche.
1.30.New vehicles with asynchronous traction motors
1.31.Electric cars are mainly series parallel hybrid today with two motors but otherwise very different, this Mitsubishi being very different in all other respects from market leader the Toyota Prius
1.32.Work on using pure electric and plug in hybrid small vehicles as farming power supplies
1.33.GaN inverter and components for EVs exhibited in Osaka Japan by GaN Systems of Canada September2014
1.34.BMW i8 hybrid car with three-cylinder range extender and gull wing doors launched 2013, deliveries 2015
1.35.The dream of photovoltaics in fields and Building Integrated Photovoltaics BIPV powering EVs
1.36.Protean in-wheel
1.37.Lightweighting approaches
1.38.Future mobility vision
1.39.Mahle range extended car
1.40.Toyota Mirai and BMW fuel cell cars
1.41.Intelligent Energy fuel cell in a van
1.42.Bladon Jets gas turbine range extender
1.43.Wankel range extender
2.1.Electric vehicle value chain
2.2.Energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options
2.3.Carbon Intensity CO2 kg/kWh and % Fossil fuel in power sector
2.4.LCA greenhouse emissions of a compact car with different drive trains
2.5.Carbon emissions, in grams CO2 per km, of a selection of cars for sale in the UK
3.1.Caterpillar CAT series hybrid diesel electric bulldozer
3.2.Mitsubishi diesel electric hybrid lifter
3.3.Top 20 industrial lift truck suppliers in 2013
3.4.Lift truck market demand in 2013
3.5.World industrial truck statistics/orders and shipments
3.6.Survey of expected powertrains
4.1.Increase in urban delivery 2010-20254.2.Electric bus in Nepal
4.3.Mobile electric scissor lift by Wuhan Chancay Machinery and Electronics
4.4.Garbage collecting electric car
5.1.Percentage of dependent elderly 1970 to 2040
5.2.New Pihsiang Shoprider pure electric mobility vehicle for the disabled
5.3.The Electric Car (INEC-KARO) for the disabled from Interchina Industry Group
6.1.Gasoline two wheelers G2W and electric two wheelers E2W sales compared to passenger vehicles 1991-2006 in China6.2.Suzuki Burgman Fuel Cell Scooter powered by Intelligent Energy6.3.e-bikes parked in Yangzhou China
6.4.Electric mopeds parked in Cheghdu China
6.5.World bicycle and automoblie production, 1950-20077.1.IMAs 'Colibri' micro EV presented at the Geneva Motorshow
7.2.The Daimler Smart, left, is a mainstream car subject to tax, insurance, crash tests etc whereas the G-Whiz from India, right, is registered as a quadricycle and was the best-selling pure electric car in the UK for ten years with s
7.3.Chinese micro-EV cars in China. Most of them have three wheels
7.4.Estrima Birò micro EV and battery removal
7.5.E-trikes8.1.Technology: everything will change disruptively8.2.Load-bearing supercapacitors as structural components. Top left: Volvo experimental car trunk lid that is a supercapacitor. Top right: Partner Imperial College London's supercapacitor textile being developed for load bearing compo8.3.Example of integrated components coming in
8.4.Examples of 2015 hybrid cars
8.5.GaN Systems capability late 2014
8.6.Mazda pure electric car in production with supercapacitor across battery (vertical device by nearside front wheel)
8.7.Toyota supercapacitor-only concept car and precedents
8.8.Nova Electric Vehicles
8.9.Toyota Mirai
9.1.Oshkosh truck
9.2.Grizzly robot electric vehicle for the military
9.3.SPI electrical SUAV
9.4.AeroVironment Rave
n9.5.AeroVironment Aqua Puma UAV completes Royal Australian Navy Sea trials in 2007
9.6.Aurora Flight Sciences solar plane that takes off in parts and self-assembles at altitude
9.7.Large autonomous robot jellyfish10.1.Hybrid tugboat10.2.Engine room of the hybrid tugboat
10.3.Bratt electric tugboat
10.4.Electric deck boat by Leisure Life
10.5.Electric launch10.6.Solar powered boats for tourism cruising at 12 kph on Lake Geneva10.7.Loon
10.8.MARS
10.9.Milper and the REP-SAIL project.
10.10.Rensea MARINA
10.11.Seaswarm10.12.SoelCat
10.13.Alster Sun Hamburg Solar Shuttle
10.14.Constance Solar Shuttle
10.15.Turanor fact sheet10.16.Turanor construction process
10.17.Vaka Moana10.18.Falmouth Scientific solar sea glider AUV
10.19.Wave and sun powered sea glider
10.20.Autonomous wave glider
10.21.PACX Wave Glider10.22.Large autonomous robot jellyfish
11.1.Dirisolar
11.2.AtlantikSolar2
11.3.ISIS concept
11.4.Lockheed HALE-D
11.5.Helios
11.6.Solar surveillance airship ordered by the US military
11.7.Nepheleos
11.8.Sunstar
11.9.Solar Impulse compared to jumbo jet
11.10.Ghost pictures of Solar Impulse 2
11.11.Round the world route
11.12.Flight to Hawaii11.13.Solar Ship
11.14.Operating principle
11.15.Turtle airship concept
11.16.The Dyson robot vacuum cleaner
11.17.LawnBott
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