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Table of Contents 1.0. Introduction 1.1. 5G Concern
1.2. OWC
1.2.1. Structure
1.2.2. LED as Communications Transmitter
1.2.3. Free Space Fiber
1.3. TVWSC
1.4. Scope
1.5. Research Methodology
1.6. Target Audience
OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 2.0. LED Specifics 2.1. General
2.2. Spectrum
2.3. Types
2.4. LED Modulation
2.4.1. Limitations
2.5. LED Evolution
2.5.1. General
2.5.2. Benefits
2.5.3. Market Characteristics
2.5.4. Factors 3.0. Visible Light Communications 3.1. General
3.1.1. Drivers
3.1.2. Industry Activity
3.1.2.1. UC-Light Center
3.1.2.2. Li-Fi Consortium
3.1.3. Free Space Fiber and VLC - Summary
3.2. VLC Standards Development
3.2.1. IEEE 802.15.7
3.2.1.1. Considerations
3.2.1.2. Project
3.2.1.2.1. Coexistence
3.2.1.2.2. Essence
3.2.1.2.3. Base
3.2.1.2.4. Use Cases
3.2.1.2.5. Physical Layer
3.2.1.2.5.1. General
3.2.1.2.5.2. Responsibilities
3.2.1.2.5.3. Types
3.2.1.2.5.4. Error Protection
3.2.1.2.5.5. Rates
3.2.1.2.5.6. Frequency Plan
3.2.1.2.5.7. PHY Services
3.2.1.2.5.8. Regulations
3.2.1.2.6. MAC Layer
3.2.1.2.6.1. Topologies
3.2.1.2.6.2. Responsibilities
3.2.1.2.6.3. Functionalities
3.2.1.2.7. Security
3.2.2. Jeita (Japan Electronics and Information Technology Industries Association)
3.2.2.1. JEITA CP-1221
3.2.2.2. JEITA CP-1222
3.2.2.3. JEITA CP-1223(2013)
3.2.3. Visible Light Communications Consortium (VLCC)
3.2.3.1. General
3.3. Details
3.3.1. Communications Channel
3.3.2. Transmitter
3.3.3. Receiver
3.3.3.1. Image Sensors
3.3.4. Major Characteristics
3.3.4.1. General
3.3.4.2. Modulation
3.3.4.3. VLC Channel: Characteristics Summary
3.3.4.4. Limiting Factors
3.3.5. Applications: Summary
3.3.5.1. ITS
3.3.5.2. Optical Wireless LAN
3.3.5.3. Medical
3.3.5.4. Localization
3.3.5.5. City Wide Wireless Network
3.3.5.6. Summary
3.4. Companies and Organizations
Axrtek
Casio
Firefly
Fraunhofer IPMS
LVX
LightBee
Nakagawa Laboratories
NEC
Oledcomm
Outstanding Technology
PureVLC-PureLi-Fi
Qualcomm
Renesas
SmartSignals
Supreme Architecture
TCL/Sunpartner
Tamura
3.5. Market
3.6. 5G View
3.6.1. Attocell
3.6.2. Cell Structures
4.0. Free Space Fiber 4.1. General
4.2. Major Characteristics
4.3. Protection
4.4. Applications
4.4.1. Major Use Cases
4.4.2. Requirements
4.4.3. Inter-satellite Links
4.4.4. Intra-building Communications
4.4.5. Inter-building Communications
4.5. FSF Communications Benefits and Limitations: Summary
4.5.1. Weather Factor
4.5.2. Building Swaying
4.6. Design Issues
4.7. Customers
4.8. FSF Market
4.8.1. General
4.8.2. Market Drivers
4.8.2.1. Market Segments
4.8.3. Competition
4.8.3.1. Fiber Optics Systems
4.8.3.2. Microwave
4.8.3.3. PONs
4.8.4. Forecast
4.8.4.1. General
4.8.4.2. Model Assumptions
4.8.4.3. Structure
4.8.4.4. Market Estimate
4.9. Vendors
AOptix (partially acquired by Anova in 2016)
CableFree
Canon USA
CBL
Dailianxu Engineering Company
fSONA
GeoDesy (acquired by Trimble in 2014)
Guilin
LightPointe
PAV
Plaintree
RedLine
Space Photonics
4.10. Standards
4.10.1. ITU G.640
4.10.2. ITU-R P.1814-2007
4.10.3. ARIB STD-T50(OPTICAL WIRELESS LAN SYSTEM) v4-2009
TVWS COMMUNICATIONS 5.0. TV White Spaces 5.1. White Spaces Communications - Principles
5.1.1. Definition
5.1.2. Rational
5.1.3. Ecosystem and Use Cases
5.2. Standardization and Industry
5.2.1. Broadband Internet Wireless Access
5.2.1.1. WS Alliance
5.2.1.1.1. Wi-FAR
5.2.1.1.2. WSAConnect
5.2.1.2. Wireless Innovation Forum (WIF)-WS
5.2.1.2.1. General
5.2.1.2.2. Contributions
5.2.2. WS-related IEEE Standards
5.2.2.1. IEEE 802.11af - 2013
5.2.2.1.1. General: Expectations-Wi-Fi on Steroids
5.2.2.1.2. Differences
5.2.2.1.3. Benefits
5.2.2.1.4. Specifics
5.2.2.1.5. Building Blocks
5.2.2.1.6. PHY
5.2.2.1.7. Summary
5.2.2.2. IEEE 802.22-2011
5.2.2.2.1. General
5.2.2.2.2. WG 802.22 and FCC
5.2.2.2.3. Mechanism
5.2.2.2.4. Physical Layer-Major Characteristics
5.2.2.2.4.1. Frames
5.2.2.2.5. Cognitive Functions and MAC
5.2.2.2.6. MAC Features
5.2.2.2.7. Summary-IEEE802.22
5.3. Industry
Adaptrum
Aviacomm
Carlson Wireless
KTS
Redline Communications
Saankhya Labs Pvt. Ltd
5.4. M2M and TVWS
5.4.1. Weightless Technologies
5.4.2. Weightless SIG
5.4.3. Weightless-W
5.4.3.1. Weightless-W Specifics
5.4.3.2. Changes
6.0. Conclusions ATTACHMENT I: WS-related Patents ATTACHMENT II: 802.22-related Patents ATTACHMENT III: 802.11af-related Patents ATTACHMENT IV: 802.15.7-related Patents List of Figures Figure 1: OWC Illustration
Figure 2: LED Structure
Figure 3: LED Spectrum
Figure 4: White LED Properties Illustration
Figure 5: Estimate: Lighting LED Market - U.S. ($B)
Figure 6: Estimate: Lighting LED Market - U.S. (Bil. Units Shipped)
Figure 7: LED Price Factor
Figure 8: Cost and Brightness- Light Sources
Figure 9: Characteristics
Figure 10: Topologies
Figure 11: Illustration-VLC Channel
Figure 12: VLC Market Categories
Figure 13: Estimate: VLC Market-Global ($B)
Figure 14: VLC Market Geography (2017)
Figure 15: Simplified FSF Device Diagram
Figure 16: FSF Market Segments
Figure 17: Estimate: FSF Market Value ($M)
Figure 18: FSF Market Geography
List of Tables Table 1: VLC and FSF
Table 2: Wavelengths (nm)
Table 3: Properties - Laser vs. LED
Table 4: Light Sources Characteristics
Table 5: Use Cases
Table 6: Devices and Characteristics
Table 7: Frequency Plan
Table 8: VLC/RF Properties
Table 9: VL, IR and RF Communications ITS Applications Comparison
Table 10: Locations Technologies-VLC Place
Table 11: TVWS Regulations
Table 12: IEEE WS-related Standards
Table 13: 802.22-Major Characteristics
Table 14: Iceni Characteristics
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