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Table of Contents
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1.1. Range extender market in 2023
1.2. EV Market 2013 and 2023
1.3. Ten year forecast for electric cars, hybrids and their range extenders
1.4. Hybrid and pure electric vehicles compared
1.5. Hybrid market drivers
1.6. What will be required of a range extender 2012-2023
1.7. Three generations of range extender
1.8. Why range extenders need lower power over the years
1.9. Energy harvesting - mostly ally not alternative
1.10. Key trends for range extended vehicles
1.11. Combining Heating and Range-Extension for Electric Vehicles
1.12. Emergency range extenders
2. INTRODUCTION
2.1. Types of electric vehicle
2.2. Many fuels
2.3. Born electric
2.4. Pure electric vehicles are improving
2.5. Series vs parallel hybrid
2.6. Modes of operation of hybrids
2.6.1. Plug in hybrids
2.6.2. Charge-depleting mode
2.6.3. Blended mode
2.6.4. Charge-sustaining mode
2.6.5. Mixed mode
2.7. Microhybrid is a misnomer
2.8. Deep hybridisation
2.9. Battery cost and performance are key
2.10. Hybrid price premium
2.11. Progressing the REEV
2.12. What is a range extender?
2.12.1. First generation range extender technology
2.12.2. Second generation range extender technology
2.12.3. Radically new approaches - Huttlin range extender
2.12.4. Third generation range extender technology
2.13. Market position of fuel cell range extenders
2.14. Energy harvesting on and in electric vehicles
2.15. Tradeoff of energy storage technologies
2.16. Trend to high voltage
2.17. Component choices for energy density/ power density
2.18. Fuel cells rescued by batteries
2.19. PEM fuel cells
2.20. Trend to distributed components
2.21. Trend to flatness then smart skin
3. ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET OVERVIEW
3.1. The whole picture
3.1.1. Synergies
3.1.2. What is excluded?
3.2. Largest sectors
3.3. Numbers of manufacturers
3.4. Heavy industrial sector
3.5. Buses
3.6. The light industrial and commercial sector
3.7. Two wheel and allied vehicles
3.8. Cars
3.9. Golf
3.10. Military
3.11. Marine
3.12. Other
3.13. Market for EV components
3.14. Timelines
3.15. Watch Japan, China and Korea
3.16. Vacillation by some governments
3.17. Healthy shakeout of the car industry
3.18. Full circle back to pure EVs
3.19. Winning strategies
4. MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR REEVS
4.1. Range extenders for land craft
4.2. Range Extenders for electric aircraft
4.2.1. Military aircraft
4.3. Comparisons
4.4. Fuel cells in aviation
4.5. Civil aircraft
4.6. Potential for electric airliners
4.7. Range extenders for marine craft
5. RANGE EXTENDER DEVELOPERS AND MANUFACTURERS
5.1. Advanced Magnet Laboratory USA
5.2. AeroVironment / Protonex Technology USA
5.3. Austro Engine Austria
5.4. Bladon Jets UK
5.5. BMW Germany
5.6. Brayton Energy USA
5.7. Capstone Turbine Corporation USA
5.8. Clarian Laboratories USA
5.9. Compound Rotary Engines UK
5.10. Daimler AG inc Mercedes Benz Germany
5.11. DLR German Aerospace Center Germany
5.11.1. Free piston range extenders
5.12. EcoMotors
5.13. Ener1 USA
5.14. ETV Motors Israel
5.15. FEV USA
5.16. Flight Design Germany
5.17. Getrag Germany
5.18. GSE USA
5.19. Intelligent Energy UK
5.20. KSPG Germany
5.21. LiquidPiston USA
5.22. Lotus Engineering UK
5.23. MAHLE Powertrain UK
5.24. Mazda Japan
5.25. Polaris Industries Switzerland
5.26. Powertrain Technologies UK
5.27. Proton Power Systems plc UK/Germany
5.28. Ricardo UK
5.29. Urbee Canada
5.30. Volkswagen Germany
5.31. Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
6. RANGE EXTENDER INTEGRATORS
6.1. ACAL Energy UK
6.2. Altria Controls USA
6.3. Ashok Leyland India
6.4. Audi Germany
6.5. AVL Austria
6.6. Azure Dynamics USA
6.7. BAE Systems UK
6.8. BMW Germany
6.9. Boeing Dreamworks USA
6.10. Chrysler USA
6.11. DesignLine New Zealand
6.12. EADS Germany
6.13. ENFICA-FC Italy
6.14. Ford USA
6.15. Frazer-Nash UK
6.16. General Motors including Opel
6.17. Honda Japan
6.18. Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft Germany
6.19. Hyundai Korea
6.20. Igor Chak Russia
6.21. Jaguar Land Rover UK
6.22. Lange Aviation Germany
6.23. Langford Performance Engineering Ltd UK
6.24. Marion HSPD USA
6.25. Pipistrel Slovenia
6.26. SAIC China
6.27. Skyspark Italy
6.28. Suzuki Japan
6.29. Tata Motors India
6.30. Toyota Japan
6.31. Turtle Airships Spain
6.32. University of Bristol UK
6.33. Universite de Sherbrooke Canada
6.34. University of Stuttgart Germany
6.35. Vision Motor Corporation USA
6.36. Volvo Sweden/ China
6.37. Yo-Avto Russia
7. MARKET DRIVERS AND FORECASTS
7.1. Market drivers and impediments
7.2. Funding as a market driver
7.3. EV Market 2011 and 2021
7.4. Ten year forecast for electric cars, hybrids and their range extenders
7.5. Three generations of range extender
APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY
APPENDIX 2: FUEL CELL 2000 SUMMARY OF FUEL CELL BUS TRIALS TO 2010
TABLES
1.1. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector
1.2. Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded
1.3. Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded
1.4. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars (including quadricycles) sold and those that plug in thousands 2012-2022
1.5. Some primary hybrid market drivers
1.6. Three generations of range extender with examples of construction, manufacturer and power output
3.1. Main market drivers 2013-2023
3.2. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector
3.3. Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded
3.4. Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded
3.5. Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide in 2013 by application with numbers for China
3.6. Global sales of heavy industrial EVs by numbers, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded
3.7. Global sales of buses, ex-factory unit price and total value 2012-2023, rounded
3.8. Global sales of light industrial and commercial EVs excluding buses by numbers thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded
3.9. Global sales of EVs used as mobility aids for the disabled by number, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars, 2012-2023, rounded
3.10. Global sales of two wheel and allied EVs number, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
3.11. Global sales of car hybrid number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded
3.12. Global sales of car pure electric number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded
3.13. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars plugged in and the total number in thousands 2011-2021
3.14. Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised caddies in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded
3.15. Global sales of electric military vehicles in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded
3.16. Global sales of electric marine craft in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2023, rounded
3.17. Global sales of other electric vehicles (including civil aircraft and robot) in number thousands, ex-factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
3.18. Components and subsystems fitted in new electric vehicles 2010-2020 in thousands
3.19. Highlights 2010-2020
5.1. Data for RQ-11A version of AeroVironment Raven
7.1. Primary hybrid market drivers
7.2. Probable global market for electric vehicle range extenders in 2021 by power, number and market value for small, medium and large range extenders
7.3. Forecasts of global sales of electric vehicles by numbers thousands 2011-2021
7.4. Forecast for car, hybrid car and car range extender sales globally in thousands 2012-2023
7.5. Three generations of range extender with examples of construction, manufacturer and power output
FIGURES
1.1. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector
1.2. Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded
1.3. Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded
1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vs pure electric vehicles
1.5. Indicative trend of charging and electrical storage for large hybrid vehicles over the next decade
1.6. Evolution of construction of range extenders over the coming decade
1.7. Examples of range extender technology in the shaft vs no shaft categories
1.8. Illustrations of range extender technologies over the coming decade with 'gen' in red for those that have inherent ability to generate electricity
1.9. Trend of size of largest (in red) and smallest (in green) fuel cell sets used in bus trials worldwide over the last twenty years
1.10. Evolution of lower power range extenders for large vehicles
1.11. Three generations of lithium-ion battery
1.12. The most powerful energy harvesting in vehicles
2.1. ThunderVolt hybrid bus
2.2. BAE Systems powertrain in a bus
2.3. Hybrid bus powertrain
2.4. Hybrid car powertrain using CNG
2.5. Mitsubishi hybrid outdoor forklift replacing a conventional ICE vehicle
2.6. Hybrid military vehicle that replaces a conventional ICE version
2.7. Hybrid sports boat replacing a conventional ICE version
2.8. CAF-E hybrid motorcycle design based on a Prius type of drivetrain
2.9. Hybrid tugboat replacing a conventional ICE version to meet new pollution laws and provide stronger pull from stationary
2.10. Some hybrid variants
2.11. Evolution of plug in vs mild hybrids
2.12. Trend to deep hybridisation
2.13. Evolution of hybrid structure
2.14. Three generations of lithium-ion traction battery
2.15. Battery price assisting price of hybrid and pure electric vehicles as a function of power stored
2.16. Probable future improvement in parameters of lithium-ion batteries for pure electric and hybrid EVs
2.17. Cleaner hybrid bus promotion
2.18. Price premium for hybrid buses
2.19. Main modes of rotational energy harvesting in vehicles
2.20. Main forms of photovoltaic energy harvesting on vehicles
2.21. Maximum power from the most powerful forms of energy harvesting on or in vehicles
2.22. Hybrid bus with range improved by a few percent using solar panels
2.23. Comparison of battery technologies
2.24. Possible trend in battery power storage and voltage of power distribution
2.25. Comparison of energy density of power components for hybrid vehicles
2.26. Trend of size of the largest (in red) and smallest (in green) fuel cell sets used in 98 bus trials worldwide over the last twenty years.
2.27. Evolution of traction batteries and range extenders for large hybrid electric vehicles as they achieve longer all-electric range over the next decade.
2.28. Three generations of lithium-ion battery with technical features that are sometimes problematical
2.29. The principle of the Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells
2.30. Mitsubishi view of hybrid vehicle powertrain evolution
2.31. Flat lithium-ion batteries for a car and, bottom, UAVs
2.32. Supercapacitors that facilitate fast charging and discharging of the traction batteries are spread out on a bus roof
2.33. Asola photovoltaic panel on Fisker hybrid sports car.
3.1. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector
3.2. Ex-factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded
3.3. Ex-factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector, rounded
3.4. Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide by application in 2010
3.5. Number of manufacturers of electric vehicles in China by application in 2010
3.6. Energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options.
3.7. The Mission Motors Mission One 150 mph, 150 mile range electric motorcycle
4.1. Northrop Grumman surveillance airship with fuel cell range extender and energy harvesting for virtually unlimited range
4.2. Light utility aircraft - power-systems weight comparison
4.3. Light primary trainer - power-systems weight comparison
4.4. Battery and jet fuel loading
4.5. Pilot plus payload vs range for fuel cell light aircraft and alternatives
4.6. Total weight vs flight time for PEM fuel cell planes
4.7. Takeoff gross weight breakdowns. Left: Conventional reciprocating-engine-powered airplane. Right: Fuel-cell-powered airplane.
4.8. JAMSTEC Fuel Cell Underwater Vehicle FCUV
4.9. Soliloquy superyacht with multiple energy harvesting including solar sails that fold like a penknife
5.1. AeroVironment Raven
5.2. Raven enhancement
5.3. Aqua Puma
5.4. AeroVironment Helios
5.5. Global Observer first flight August 2010
5.6. Bladon Jets gas turbine range extender for cars and light aircraft and the Jaguar CX75
5.7. Jaguar Land Rover
5.8. Latest Bladon Jets design
5.9. Capstone microturbine
5.10. Capstone turbine in a Japanese bus
5.11. Various sizes of Capstone MicroTurbines
5.12. Clarian Laboratories' range extender
5.13. Daimler roadmap for commercial vehicles
5.14. DLR fuel cell and the electric A320 airliner nose wheel it drives when the airliner is on the ground.
5.15. Holstenblitz fuel cell car trial
5.16. A new power generator for hybrid vehicles
5.17. EcoMotors opposing piston range extender
5.18. FEV extreme downsized range extender engine
5.19. GSE mini diesel driving a propeller
5.20. Greg Stevenson (left) and Gene Sheehan, Fueling Team GFC contender, with GSE Engines.
5.21. Block diagram of the Frank/Stevenson parallel hybrid system
5.22. Fuel cell taxi trials
5.23. Fuel cell development
5.24. The LiquidPiston engine
5.25. New two cylinder range extender from Lotus Engineering
5.26. Lotus hybrid powertrain and second generation range extender ICE
5.27. Lotus three and two cylinder range extenders
5.28. Proton EMAS
5.29. MAHLE range extenders
5.30. MAHLE compact range extender
5.31. MAHLE range extender at EVS26 2012
5.32. Polaris REX range extender left with generator, right with peripherals as well
5.33. Location of technical advances in Polaris range extender
5.34. Ricardo Wolverine engine for hybrid UAVs
5.35. Volkswagen XL1 hybrid concept
6.1. Adura powertrain with microturbine.
6.2. Ashok Leyland CNG hybrid bus
6.3. Azure Dynamics hybrid powertrain
6.4. Bus with BAE Systems hybrid power train
6.5. Boeing fuel cell aircraft
6.6. DesignLine bus with Capstone turbine range extender.
6.7. ENFICA FC two seater fuel cell plane
6.8. Ford Lincoln hybrid car has no price premium over the conventional version
6.9. Frazer-Nash EREV powertrain
6.10. Namir EREV Supercar
6.11. Proton Exora
6.12. Chevrolet Volt powertrain
6.13. Honda IMA
6.14. German fuel cell powered diesel submarine
6.15. Hyundai Blue hybrid car
6.16. Hyundai fuel cell powered car
6.17. Igot Chak hybrid motorcycle
6.18. Hybrid Land Rover trial
6.19. Planned Jaguar supercar
6.20. The LPE REEV concept car
6.21. Marion Hyper-Sub Submersible Powerboat
6.22. Skyspark in flight 2009
6.23. Suzuki Burgman fuel cell scooter
6.24. Suzuki concept fuel cell motorcycle headed for production
6.25. Tata Motors roadmap for hybrid commercial vehicles
6.26. Toyota Prius hybrid car is the world's best selling electric car
6.27. Toyota hybrid forklift
6.28. Turtle Airship landed on water in concept drawing
6.29. Glassock hybrid set up for dynamometer testing
6.30. Hybrid quad bike
6.31. Hydrogenius
6.32. Tyrano hybrid tractor
6.33. Volvo hybrid bus
6.34. Volvo technical concept 1
6.35. Volvo technical concept 2
6.36. Volvo technical concept 3
7.1. Forecast for car, hybrid car and car range extender sales globally in thousands 2012-2023
7.2. Indicative trend of charging and electrical storage for large hybrid vehicles over the next decade.
7.3. Evolution of construction of range extenders over the coming decade
7.4. Examples of range extender technology in the shaft vs no shaft categories
7.5. Illustrations of range extender technologies over the coming decade with 'gen' in red for those that have inherent ability to generate electricity
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