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Table of Contents
1.SCOPE
2.BARRIER TECHNOLOGY REACHING MATURITY - COMMERCIALIZATION STATUS 2.1.Trend within major display companies 2.1.1.Samsung 2.1.2.LG 2.1.3.Others 2.2.TFE vs. Barrier Lamination 2.3.ML barrier on Flexible Plastics vs. Flexible Glass. 2.4.Single or multi-layer? 2.5.Flexible substrate handling2.6.Atomic layer deposition present and future outlook/market share
3.INTRODUCTION TO ENCAPSULATION
4.SURFACE SMOOTHNESS - DEFECTS 4.1.Important considerations of surface smoothness4.2.Micro Defects 4.2.1.Pinholes - particles 4.2.2.Smoothness / Cracks-Scratches 4.2.3.Nanodefects
5.BARRIER TECHNOLOGIES: PAST DEVELOPMENTS 5.1.Vitex 5.2.GE
6.ADVANCES IN BARRIER MANUFACTURING PROCESSES
7.BARRIER ADHESIVES 7.1.DELO7.2.tesa7.3.3M7.4.Henkel
8.COMPANY PROFILES8.1.Deposition of dyads or inorganic layers on polymer substrates 8.1.1.Toppan Printing 8.1.2.Vitriflex 8.1.3.Holst Centre - TNO 8.1.4.Mitsubishi 8.1.5.Toray Industries Inc 8.1.6.3M 8.1.7.Amcor 8.1.8.Tera-Barrier 8.1.9.Fujifilm 8.1.10.UDC 8.1.11.Konica Minolta 8.1.12.Samsung 8.1.13.Honeywell 8.1.14.LG Display 8.1.15.Applied Materials 8.1.16.Meyer Burger Group
8.2.Other companies developing polymer-based films 8.2.1.Dow Chemical8.2.2.Jindal 8.3.Flexible glass 8.3.1.Schott AG 8.3.2.Corning 8.3.3.Asahi Glass Company (AGC) 8.3.4.Nippon Electric Glass (NEG)
8.4.ALD deposition for flexible barriers 8.4.1.Lotus 8.4.2.Beneq 8.4.3.Encapsulix
8.5.Other approaches 8.5.1.CNM Technologies 8.5.2.3M
9.ADDRESSABLE MARKET SEGMENTS FOR BARRIER FILM TECHNOLOGIES 9.1.OLED displays - OLED lighting9.2.Quantum-dot (QD) LCDs 9.3.OTFTs 9.4.Liquid Crystal Displays - Electrophoretic Displays 9.5.OPV 9.6.CIGS - amorphous Si
10.BARRIER MEASUREMENTS 10.1.The Calcium Test 10.2.MOCON 10.3.Vinci Technologies 10.4.SEMPA 10.5.VG Scienta 10.6.Fluorescent Tracers 10.7.Black Spot Analysis 10.8.Tritium Test 10.9.CEA 10.10.3M 10.11.IMRE 10.12.Mass Spectroscopy - gas permeation (WVTR & OTR potential applications) 10.13.Kisco Uniglobe
11.FORECASTS FOR BARRIER FILMS FOR FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 2016-2026 11.1.The potential significance of organic and printed inorganic electronics 11.2.Barrier films market size11.3.Flexible glass or inorganic layers on plastic substrates?
12.CONCLUSIONS
IDTECHEX RESEARCH REPORTS AND CONSULTANCY
TABLES 3.1.Water vapor and oxygen transmission rates of various materials, comparison to OLED/LCD requirements and the MOCON detection limit 3.2.Requirements of barrier materials 4.1.Oxygen transmission rates of polypropylene with various coatings 8.1.Overview of main performance metrics for some of the most important developers 10.1.Lower detection limits of several barrier performance measurement techniques 11.1.Leading market drivers 2026 11.2.Barrier layer area forecasts 2016-2026 in square meters 11.3.Barrier layer market forecasts 2016-2026 in US$ millions
FIGURES 1.1.Example of flexible OLED displays encapsulated in curved, rigid glass by Samsung and LG 1.2.Universal Display Corporation's flexible encapsulation used in OLED lighting panels 1.3.Flexible solar cell developed by Fraunhofer ISE 2.1.In SID 2014 DIGEST ISSN 0097-966X/14/4501-0322 and SID 2014 DIGEST ISSN 0097-966X/14/4501-0326 2.2.J Webb et al., "Flexible Glass Substrates for Electronic Applications" , Flex2014, Short Course" Design Characteristics and Considerations for Flexible Substrates" 2.3.L.Moro et al. "Barrier Films and Thin Film Encapsulation AMAT Flexible Display Workshop, September 17, 2013 2.4.J. Fahlteich et al., "Ultra-high permeation barriers and functional films for large-area flexible electronics" , LOPE-C 2014 3.1.Schematic diagrams for encapsulated structures a) conventional b) laminated c) deposited in situ 3.2.Scanning electron micrograph image of a barrier film cross section 4.1.Visual defects of a selection of materials with barrier films highlighted through calcium corrosion test. Optical microscope magnification 10x 4.2.SEM pictures of the Atmospheric Plasma Glow Discharge deposited silica-like films on polymer substrates. Left: Film with embedded dust particles . Right: uniform film 4.3.OTR as a function of defect density, the correlation between defect density and the oxygen transmission rate 4.4.SEM image of a pinhole defect formed from a dust particle 4.5.Scanning electron microscope image of ITO coated on parylene/polymer film 4.6.The measurement of OLED's lifetime of SiON/PC/ITO and SiON/parylene/PC/parylene/ITO substrate 5.1.Examples of polymer multi-layer (PML) surface planarization a) OLED cathode separator structure b) high aspect ratio test structure 5.2.Vitex multilayer deposition process 5.3.SEM cross section of Vitex Barix material with four dyads 5.4.Optical transmission of Vitex Barix coating 5.5.Edge seal barrier formation by deposition through shadow masks 5.6.Three dimensional barrier structure. Polymer is shown in red, and oxide (barrier) shown in blue 5.7.Schematic of flexible OLED with hybrid encapsulation 5.8.Schematic of cross section of graded barrier coating and complete barrier film structure 5.9.Transparency of GE's UHB film versus wavelength 6.1.Scanning electron micrograph of a thin hybrid polymer coating on SiOx deposited on a flexible PET film 6.2.OTR values achieved with different POLO multilayers 7.1.Area sealing7.2.DELO's light curing adhesive solution for electrophoretic displays 7.3.Performance characteristics of DELO's light-curing materials 7.4.3M adhesive product offering8.1.Amcor (formerly Alcan) Packaging flexible barrier based on PET and SiOx478.2.Electron Beam evaporation of Silicon Oxide 8.3.Tera Barrier Films design and concept 8.4.The layout of the Fujifilm DBD plasma reactor8.5.Surface morphology of the a) pristine PEN substrate Rq = 1.1±0.1 nm, b) 70 nm thick silica-like film deposited on PEN Rq = 1.1±0.3 nm 8.6.The atmospheric pressure DBD plasma facility for production of ultra-barrier foils at pilot plant scale. 8.7.LG Display hybrid solution 8.8.Design of panel side to improve PCL overflow 8.9.FTIR testing of Silicon Nitride deposited by PE-CVD as a flexible barrier, before and after testing 8.10.Corning flexible glass showcased at SID 2011 8.11.AGC's ultra-thin sheet glass on carrier glass and rolled into a coil 8.12.OLED lighting panel by NEG 8.13.Lithium ion battery combined with an a-Si solar cell 8.14.A stack of alternating Alumina/Aluminum-titanate layers grown into a 350 μm deep by 1 μm wide porous Si membrane 8.15.ALD thin film materials 9.1.When the light from a conventional "white" YAG LED passes through a color filter, the green and red distributions are relatively broad and appear unsaturated. When light from an LED is converted by QDs instead of a yellow phosphor 9.2.The color gamut produced by a display with a QD-equipped backlight can be approximately 50% larger than the gamut produced by the same display with a conventional white YAG LED backlight 9.3.The structure of 3M's QDEF 9.4.Introducing QDEF is minimally disruptive to typical LCD architecture. Because QDEF has diffusive properties, it can simply replace the current diffuser film in an LCD, while other components remain in place. The only other signifi 10.1.2.25 m m2 area of a 50 nm layer of Ca deposited onto barrier coated PET viewed through the substrate. i. Image after 1632 h of exposure to atmosphere; ii. Image analysis whereby the grey scale of Ca degradation is processed to yie10.2.A simple set-up for measuring optical transmission of calcium test cells 10.3.MOCON's Aquatran™ Model 138 10.4.MOCON's Aquatran™ schematic 10.5.MOCON's OX-TRAN® Model 2/1039 10.6.Silica induced black spots, letters A & B mark black spots with a centralized black dot (silica particle) 10.7.Black spot formation and growth mechanisms 10.8.General Atomics HTO WVTR testing apparatus 10.9.Measurement Scheme 10.10.WVTR result from a high barrier sample 11.1.Leading market drivers 2026 11.2.Barrier layer area forecasts 2016-2026 in square meters 11.3.Barrier layer market forecasts 2016-2026 in US$ millions 11.4.Corning's Flexible glass with protective tabbing on the edges 12.1.Examples of rigid e-readers by Amazon and Barnes & Noble 12.2.The Wexler flexible e-reader12.3.Samsung Display's first flexible OLED product, the 5.7" Full-HD AMOLED 12.4.Truly flexible OLED lighting panel developed from LG Chem
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