1. Executive Summary
1.1 Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies Market Overview
1.2 Market Definition
1.3 Methodology
1.4 Why You Should Read This Report?
1.5 Benefits of This Report
1.6 Structure of this Report
1.7 Key Questions Answered by This Analytical Report
1.8 Who is this Report for?
1.9 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
1.10 Associated Visiongain Reports
1.11 About Visiongain
2. An Introduction to Established and Emerging Energy Storage Technologies
2.1 Categorisation of Energy Storage Technologies
2.2 Installed Energy Storage Capacity
2.3 The Rise of Emerging Energy Storage Technologies
2.4 The Key Applications of Established and Emerging Energy Storage Technologies
3. The Drivers and Restraints of Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies
3.1 An Introduction to the Dynamics of the Market
3.2 The Factors that Will Drive and Restraint the Market
3.2.1 Rising Energy Prices Indirectly Incentivise EST
3.2.2 Investments in Research, Development and Demonstration
3.2.3 The Importance of Renewable Energy Integration
3.2.4 Smart Grids and Distributed Power Generation Systems
3.2.5 Growing Electricity Demand
3.2.6 The Developing Alternative Vehicle Market as a Growth Factor
3.2.7 The High Capital Costs of Emerging Energy Storage Technologies
3.2.8 Limited Cost Recovery Opportunities
3.2.9 The Policy and Regulatory Challenges Ahead
3.2.10 The Impact of a Weak Market Demand for EST
3.2.11 Geographical and Spatial Constraints of Mature Energy Storage Technologies
3.2.12 Conservatism in the Utility Industry
3.2.13 The Need for Large-Scale Demonstration Projects
3.2.14 Raw Material Availability
3.2.15 Technology Development and Deployment Patterns
3.2.16 The Limitations of Established Energy Storage Technologies
3.2.17 Long Investment Cycles
3.2.18 Opportunities for Home Energy Storage and Arbitrage
4. Next-Generation Mechanical Energy Storage Technologies
4.1 Innovative Pumped Hydro Storage
4.1.1 An Introduction to Innovative Pumped Hydro Storage
4.1.2 The Nature of the Innovation
4.1.3 The Performance Characteristics Of Innovative PHS Installations
4.1.4 The Applications and Key Competitors of Innovative PHS
4.1.5 Current Deployment of Innovative PHS
4.1.6 Drivers and Restraints of Innovative PHS
4.1.7 The Outlook for Innovative PHS
4.1.8 Companies and Stakeholders Involved in the Innovative PHS Market
4.2 Adiabatic and Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage
4.2.1 An Introduction to Adiabatic and Isothermal Compressed Air Energy Storage
4.2.2 The Nature of the Innovation
4.2.3 The Performance Characteristics of Adiabatic and Isothermal CAES
4.2.4 The Applications and Key Competitors of Advanced CAES
4.2.5 Current Deployment of Compressed Air Energy Storage
4.2.6 Drivers and Restraints of Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage
4.2.7 The Outlook for Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage
4.2.8 Companies and Stakeholders Involved in the Advanced CAES Market
4.3 Liquid Aid Energy Storage (LAES)
4.3.1 An Introduction to Liquid Air Energy Storage
4.3.2 The Nature of the Innovation
4.3.3 The Performance Characteristics of Liquid Air Energy Storage
4.3.4 The Applications and Key Competitors of Liquid Air Energy Storage
4.3.5 Current Deployment of Liquid Air Energy Storage
4.3.6 Drivers and Restraints of the Liquid Air Energy Storage Market
4.3.7 The Outlook for Liquid Air Energy Storage
4.3.8 Companies and Stakeholders Involved in the Liquid Air Energy Storage Market
5. Next-Generation Chemical Energy Storage Technologies
5.1 Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
5.1.1 An Introduction to Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
5.1.2 The Nature of the Innovation
5.1.3 The Performance Characteristics of Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
5.1.4 The Applications and Key Competitors of Large-Scale Hydrogen Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
5.1.5 Current Deployment of Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
5.1.6 Drivers and Restraints of Large-Scale Hydrogen Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
5.1.7 The Outlook for Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
5.1.8 Companies and Stakeholders Involved in the Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Energy Storage Market
6. Next-Generation Electrical Energy Storage Technologies
6.1 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
6.1.1 An Introduction to Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
6.1.2 The Nature of the Innovation
6.1.3 The Performance Characteristics of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
6.1.4 The Applications and Key Competitors of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
6.1.5 Current Deployment of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
6.1.6 Drivers and Restraints of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
6.1.7 The Outlook for Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
6.1.8 Companies and Stakeholders Involved in the Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Market
7. Next-Generation Electrochemical Energy Storage Technologies
7.1 An Introduction to Next-Generation Battery Technologies
7.2 The Key Drivers of Innovation in the Market
7.3 Key Patterns of Innovation in the Market
7.4 Lithium-air (Li-Air)
7.4.1 Nature of the Innovation
7.4.2 The Performance Characteristics of Lithium Air Batteries
7.4.3 The Applications and Key Competitors of Lithium Air Batteries
7.4.4 Current Deployment of Lithium Air Batteries
7.4.5 The Drivers and Restraints of the Lithium Air Batteries Market
7.4.6 The Outlook for Lithium Air Batteries
7.4.7 Key Companies Involved in the Lithium Air Battery Market
7.5 Lithium-Sulphur (Li-S)
7.5.1 Nature of the Innovation
7.5.2 The Performance Characteristics of Lithium Sulphur Batteries
7.5.3 The Applications and Key Competitors of Lithium Sulphur Batteries
7.5.4 Current Deployment of Lithium Sulphur Batteries
7.5.5 The Drivers and Restraints of the Lithium Sulphur Battery Market
7.5.6 The Outlook for Lithium Sulphur Batteries
7.5.7 Key Companies and Stakeholders Involved in the Lithium Sulphur Battery Market
7.6 Magnesium-Ion (Mg-Ion)
7.6.1 Nature of the Innovation
7.6.2 The Performance Characteristics of Magnesium Ion Batteries
7.6.3 The Applications and Key Competitors of Magnesium Ion Batteries
7.6.4 Current Deployment of Magnesium Ion Batteries
7.6.5 The Drivers and Restraints of Magnesium Ion Batteries
7.6.6 The Outlook for Magnesium Ion Batteries
7.6.7 Key Companies and Stakeholders Involved in the Magnesium Ion Battery Market
7.7 Zinc-Air (Zn-air)
7.7.1 Nature of the Innovation
7.7.2 The Performance Characteristics of Zinc Air Batteries
7.7.3 The Main Applications and Key Competitors of Zinc Air Batteries
7.7.4 Current Deployment of Zinc Air Batteries
7.7.5 The Drivers and Restraints of the Zinc Air Battery Market
7.7.6 The Outlook for Zinc Air Batteries
7.7.7 Key Companies and Stakeholders in the Zinc Air Battery Market
7.8 Concluding Remarks on Emerging Battery Storage Technologies
8. Expert Opinions
8.1 Expert Interview with Paul DiRenzo, Jr from Peak Hour Power
8.1.1 The Growing Interest in Innovative Pumped Hydro Storage Installations?
8.1.2 The Opportunities and Challenges of Seawater PHS
8.1.3 The Competition of Other Next-Generation Bulk Storage Technologies
8.2 Expert Interview with Giw Zanganeh, Airlight Energy
8.2.1 Latest Developments at Airlight Energy
8.2.2 CAES and Thermal Energy Storage in the Context of Other ESTs
8.2.3 The Market Space and Applications of Thermal Energy Storage
8.2.4 The Maturity and Key Markets of the AA-CAES Technology
8.3 Expert Interview with Gareth Brett and Emma Gibson, Highview Power
8.3.1 Latest Developments at Highview Power
8.3.2 Liquid Air Energy Storage Technology
8.3.3 The Maturity and Commercial Viability of the Technology
8.3.4 The Key Challenges and Competitors
8.3.5 Media Attention and the Hype Surrounding Emerging Technologies
8.3.6 The Technical Specifications and Performance of the Technology
8.3.7 Key Markets and Main Regulatory Drivers/Restraints
8.3.8 The Status of Energy Storage Assets
8.3.9 The Outlook of Next-Generation ESTs
8.4 Expert Interview with Philippe Bouchard, EoS Energy Storage
8.4.1 Latest Developments at EoS Energy Storage
8.4.2 EoS Energy Storage and Next-Generation Battery Chemistries
8.4.3 The Performance Characteristics of Eos Battery Chemistries
8.4.4 The Key Competitors in the Market
8.4.5 The Maturity of the Hybrid Cathode Battery Technology
8.4.6 The Main Patterns of Innovation in the Energy Storage Sector
8.4.7 Key National Markets
9. PEST Analysis of the Next-Generation Energy Storage Market
10. Established and Emerging Energy Storage Technologies, a Comparative Analysis
11. The Global Landscape of the Emerging Energy Storage Technologies Market
11.1 Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies in North America
11.1.1 Drivers and Restraints of Next-Generation ESTs Development and Deployment in North America
11.2 Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies in Europe
11.2.1 Drivers and Restraints of Next-Generation ESTs development and Deployment in Europe
11.3 Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies in Asia
11.3.1 Drivers and Restraints of Next-Generation ESTs development and Deployment in Asia
12. Conclusions and Recommendations
12.1 Drivers and Restraints of the Emerging Energy Storage Technologies Market
12.2 The Outlook for Innovative Pumped Hydro Storage
12.3 The Outlook for Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage
12.4 The Outlook for Liquid Air Energy Storage
12.5 The Outlook for Large-Scale Hydrogen Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
12.6 The Outlook for Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
12.7 The Outlook for Next-Generation Batteries
13. Glossary
List of Tables
Table 1.1 Example of Standardised Metric Used for the Comparison of Energy Storage Technologies in Radial Graphs Presented Throughout This Report
Table 2.1 List and Description of Main EST Applications
Table 3.1 Recent Demonstration Projects Funded by ARRA (Name, EST, Size (MW) Cost ($m), Planned Application)
Table 3.3 Global EST Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.1 PHS main characteristics (Lifetime, Capacity MW, Efficiency %, Maturity)
Table 4.2 List of all Operating Innovative Pumped Hydro Installations (Name, Location, Capacity MW, Type, Commissioning)
Table 4.3 Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS) Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.4 Innovative PHS Submarket Forecast 2016-2026 ($mil, AGR %, CAGR %, Cumulative)
Table 4.5 Innovative PHS Installed Capacity Forecast 2016-2026 (MW, Cumulative)
Table 4.6 List of all Planned Innovative Pumped Hydro Installations (Name, Location, Capacity MW, Type, Commissioning)
Table 4.7 Performance Characteristics of Conventional and Advanced CAES (Lifetime, Capacity MW, Efficiency %, Maturity )
Table 4.8 Installed CAES Capacity by National Market (MW)
Table 4.9 Key Diabatic and Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Projects (Name, Location, Capacity MW, Type, Commissioning)
Table 4.10 Advanced CAES Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 4.11 Project Details for the Poleggio-Loderio Pilot AA-CAES Plant (Name, Location, Companies and Organisations Involved, Capacity kW, Type, Commissioning Date)
Table 4.12 The Main Characteristics of Liquid Air Energy Storage (Lifetime, Capacity MW, Efficiency %, Maturity)
Table 4.13 Drivers/ Advantages and Restraints/ Disadvantages of the LAES
Table 5.1 Hydrogen Main Characteristics (Lifetime, Capacity, Efficiency, Maturity)
Table 5.2 Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage and Hydrogen Fuel Cells Drivers & Restraints
Table 6.1 Performance characteristics SMES (Lifetime, Capacity MW, Efficiency %, Maturity)
Table 6.2 Drivers & Restraints of the SMES Market
Table 7.1 Main Performance Characteristics of Lithium-Air Batteries (Energy density, Cycle life, Efficiency, Maturity)
Table 7.2 Lithium Air Batteries Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 7.3 Main Performance Characteristics of Lithium Sulphur Batteries (Energy Density, Cycle life, Efficiency, Maturity)
Table 7.4 Lithium Sulphur Batteries Market Drivers and Restraints
Table 7.5 Main Performance Characteristics for Magnesium Ion Batteries (Energy Density, Cycle life, Efficiency, Maturity)
Table 7.6 Magnesium Ion Batteries Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 7.7 Main Performance Characteristics of Zinc Air Batteries (Energy Density, Cycle life, Efficiency, Maturity)
Table 7.8 Zinc Air Battery Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 9.1 PEST Analysis of the Emerging EST Market
Table 10.1 Comparison of Key Established and Emerging Energy Storage Technologies (Maturity, Capacity, Efficiency, Lifecycle)
Figure 10.2 The Development Stage and Challenges of Established and Emerging Energy Storage Technologies
Table 11.1 Overview of the Next-Generation EST Being Developed in Different Regional and National Markets
Table 11.2 North America Next-Generation EST Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 11.3 Examples of Emerging Energy Storage RD&D Funding
Table 11.4 European Next-Generation EST Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 11.5 Asian Next-Generation EST Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 12.1 Global EST Market Drivers & Restraints
Table 12.2 Innovative PHS Submarket Forecast 2016-2026 ($m, AGR %, CAGR %, Cumulative)
Table 12.3 Innovative PHS Installed Capacity Forecast 2016-2026 (MW, Cumulative)
List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies Market Overview
Figure 1.2 Development Stage of Different Energy Storage Technologies
Figure 1.3 The Performance Characteristics of Advanced and Conventional CAES (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 2.1 Energy Storage Technologies Categorisation
Figure 2.2 Electricity Storage Matrix: EST Characteristics and Requirements of Key Applications
Figure 2.3 Global EST Market Structure Overview
Figure 2.4 Global Energy Storage Capacity by EST type (GW) 1996-2015
Figure 2.5 Global Energy Storage Capacity by EST Type, Excluding PHS (GW),1996-2015
Figure 2.6 Key Next-Generation EST Market Structure Overview
Figure 2.7 EST Overview of Types of Applications
Figure 3.1 Industrial Electricity Price History in France, Germany, Italy, UK, Japan and USA 1979-2014 (Pence/kWh)
Figure 3.2 Industrial Electricity Prices for Medium Sized Industries in European Countries 2004-2014 (EUR/kWh)
Figure 3.3 Industrial Electricity Prices for Medium Sized Industries in Germany, Spain, France and the United Kingdom 2004-2014 (EUR/kWh)
Figure 3.4 Total Public Energy RD&D Spending of IEA Members 2015 (% of Total RD&D Spending on Energy-Related Projects)
Figure 3.5 Evolution of Total Public Energy RD&D Spending by Selected IEA members 1985-2013 ($m)
Figure 3.6 The Scale and Composition of Installed RES capacity in Selected Countries and Regions (GW)
Figure 3.7 Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources, EU 28, 2003-2013 (TWh, % of Consumption)
Figure 3.8 Number of FCEVs expected to operate in the US, South Korea, Japan and Europe 2020
Figure 3.9 Technology and Innovation Adoption Lifecycle
Figure 4.1 Main Types of PHS Installations
Figure 4.2 Evolution of Installed Capacity in the Open-Loop, Closed-Loop and Innovative PHS Submarkets (1926 – 2015 , MW)
Figure 4.3 Main Patterns of Innovation in the Global PHS Sector
Figure 4.4 Average Capacity of Existing and Planned PHS Installations (Submarket, MW)
Figure 4.5 The Performance Characteristics of Innovative PHS (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 4.6 Main Applications of Innovative PHS
Figure 4.7 Main Competitors of Innovative PHS
Figure 4.8 Key Market Spaces for Innovative PHS
Figure 4.9 Evolution of Installed Capacity in the Innovative PHS Submarket 1966 - 2015 (MW)
Figure 4.10 Total CAPEX on Innovative PHS by National Market (Cumulative 2016-2026 $mil)
Figure 4.11 Innovative PHS Installed Capacity Forecast 2016-2026 (MW)
Figure 4.12 Structure of the CAES Market
Figure 4.13 Roundtrip Efficiency of Conventional Diabatic CAES and Advanced CAES (%)
Figure 4.14 The Performance Characteristics of Advanced and Conventional CAES (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 4.15 Main Applications of Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage
Figure 4.16 Main Competitors of Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage
Figure 4.17 Key Market Spaces for Advanced CAES
Figure 4.18 Installed CAES Capacity by Category: Diabatic and Isothermal (MW, % of total)
Figure 4.19 Anticipated progress of AA-CAES through the pilot stage onto commercialisation (2014-2020)
Figure 4.20 Selection of Stakeholders and Companies Involved in the Advanced Compressed Air Energy Storage Market
Figure 4.21 The Stages Involved in Liquid Air Energy Storage
Figure 4.22 Roundtrip Efficiency of Liquid Air Energy Storage Variants (Standalone, Integrating Waste Heat and Integrating Waste Cold, %)
Figure 4.23 The Performance Characteristics of Liquid Air Energy Storage (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 4.24 Main Applications of Liquid Air Energy Storage
Figure 4.25 Main Competitors of Liquid Air Energy Storage
Figure 4.26 Key Market Spaces for Liquid Air Energy Storage
Figure 4.27 The Historic and Expected Development of Liquid Air Energy Storage (Conceptualisation to Commercialisation, 2005-2018)
Figure 4.28 Selection of Stakeholders and Companies Involved in the Liquid Air Energy Storage Market
Figure 5.1 The Fundamentals of Hydrogen Storage and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Figure 5.2 The Roundtrip Efficiency of Hydrogen Storage by Pathway Variant ( Electricity > Gas > Electricity and Heat, Electricity > Gas > Electricity and Electricity > Gas) (%)
Figure 5.3 The Performance Characteristics of Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 5.4 Main Applications of Large-Scale Hydrogen Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Figure 5.5 Main Competitors of Large-Scale Hydrogen Storage Systems
Figure 5.6 Main Competitors of Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Figure 5.7 Key Market Spaces for Hydrogen Storage and Hydrogen Fuel Cells
Figure 5.8 FCEV Fleet in Operation in Leading National and Regional Markets as of 2014
Figure 5.9 Hydrogen Fuelling Stations in Operation in Leading National and Regional Markets as of 2014
Figure 5.10 The Main Types of Hydrogen Storage
Figure 5.11 Existing and Planned Hydrogen Infrastructure in Leading Global Markets (Hydrogen Fuelling Stations)
Figure 5.12 Existing and Planned Hydrogen Infrastructure in Leading Global Markets (Hydrogen Fuelling Stations)
Figure 5.13 Existing and Planned Alternative Fuelling Infrastructure in Leading Global Markets (Hydrogen Fuelling Stations)
Figure 5.14 Selection of Stakeholders and Companies Involved in the Large-Scale Hydrogen Energy Storage Systems and Hydrogen Fuel Cells Market
Figure 6.1 Variants of SMES technology
Figure 6.2 The Performance Characteristics of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 6.3 Main Applications of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Figure 6.4 Main Competitors of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Figure 6.5 Key Market Spaces for Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
Figure 6.6 Selection of Stakeholders and Companies Involved in the Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage Market
Figure 7.1 Key Emerging Battery Chemistries
Figure 7.2 Li-air Categorisation by Electrolyte
Figure 7.3 The Performance Characteristics of Lithium Air Batteries (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 7.4 The Performance Characteristics of Lithium Sulphur Batteries (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 7.5 Main Applications of Lithium Sulphur Batteries
Figure 7.6 Key Market Spaces for Lithium Sulphur Batteries
Figure 7.7 Selection of Stakeholders and Companies Involved in the Lithium Sulphur battery Market
Figure 7.8 Selection of Stakeholders and Companies Involved in the Magnesium Ion Battery Market
Figure 7.9 The Performance Characteristics of Zinc Air (Lifecycle-years, Efficiency %, Capacity, Maturity) on a Metric Standardised for all Emerging Technologies
Figure 7.10 Main Applications of Zinc Air Batteries
Figure 7.11 Selection of Stakeholders and Companies Involved in the Zinc Air Battery Market
Figure 10.1 ESTs Characteristics and Requirements of Key Applications
Figure 10.2 Cost and Backup Time Comparison of Power Quality Energy Storage Technologies Except Pumped Storage (Euro/kWh & hours)
Figure 10.3 Comparison of the Roundtrip Efficiency of Key Established and Emerging Energy Storage Technologies (%)
Figure 11.1 Key National Markets Involved in the Development of Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies
Figure 11.2 Overview of the Key Next-Generation ESTs Under Development in North America
Figure 11.3 Overview of the Key Next-Generation ESTs Under Development in Europe
Figure 11.4 Overview of the Key Next-Generation ESTs Under Development in Asia
Figure 12.1 Next-Generation Energy Storage Technologies Market Overview
Figure 12.2 Development Stage of Different Energy Storage Technologies
Figure 12.3 Anticipated Progress of AA-CAES through the pilot stage onto commercialisation (2014-2020)
Figure 12.4 The Historic and Expected Development of Liquid Air Energy Storage (Conceptualisation to Commercialisation, 2005-2018)
Figure 12.5 Existing and Planned Hydrogen Infrastructure in Leading Global Markets (Hydrogen Fuelling Stations)
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