Dr Paul Breeze
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- An introduction to distributed generation
- Key distributed generation concepts and definitions
- Conventional fossil fuel based distributed generation technologies
- Fuel cells for distributed generation
- Renewable technologies for distributed generation
- Distributed generation and energy storage
- Intelligent grid components for distributed generation
- The economics of distributed generation
- The future for distributed generation
An introduction to distributed generation
- Summary
- The distributed generation model of power supply
- The structure of the report
Key distributed generation concepts and definitions
- Summary
- Introduction
- Network voltages
- Grid coupling of distributed generation
- Dispatching
- Back-feeding
- Intelligent grid
Conventional fossil fuel based distributed generation technologies
- Summary
- Introduction
- Reciprocating Engines
- Engine cycles
- Engine types and efficiency
- Engine speeds
- Cogeneration with reciprocating engines
- Engine emissions
- Reciprocating engine developments
- Reciprocating engine markets
- Gas turbines
- Turbine types and sizes
- Gas turbines for cogeneration
- Advanced gas turbine cycles
- Gas turbine emissions
- Gas turbine distributed generation markets
- Steam turbines
- Steam turbine cogeneration and distributed generation
- Steam turbine CHP costs
- Steam turbine distributed generation markets
- Microturbines
- Stirling Engines
- Micro generation
- Costs and the cogeneration market
Fuel cells for distributed generation
- Summary
- Introduction
- The fuel cell principle
- Phosphoric acid fuel cell
- Proton exchange membrane fuel cell
- Molten carbonate fuel cell
- Solid oxide fuel cell
- Fuel cell costs
Renewable technologies for distributed generation
- Summary
- Introduction
- Renewable generation unit sizes
- Wind power
- Wind turbine technology
- Wind turbine markets
- Solar power
- The solar photovoltaic principle
- Solar cell technology
- Solar thermal power generation
- Types of solar thermal power plant
- The solar thermal market
- Biomass
- Biomass technology
- Small hydropower
- Small hydro technology
- Applications
- Small hydro markets
- Marine technologies
- Renewable distributed generation costs
Distributed generation and energy storage
- Summary
- Introduction
- Energy storage and distributed generation
- Pumped storage hydropower
- Compressed air energy storage
- Energy storage batteries
- Flywheels
- Capacitors
- Superconducting magnetic energy storage
- Hydrogen storage
- Electric vehicles for energy storage
- Energy storage costs
Intelligent grid components for distributed generation
- Summary
- Introduction
- The microgrid
- Microgrid projects
- Microgrid markets
- Virtual power plants
- Virtual power plant markets
The economics of distributed generation
- Summary
- Introduction
- Capacity capital costs
- The cost of electricity
The future for distributed generation
- Summary
- Introduction
- Electricity prices
- The distributed generation market
- The combined heat and power market
- Domestic CHP
- Renewable distributed generation markets
- Other market sectors
- The prospects for distributed generation
TABLES
- Table: Network voltage classifications, 2011
- Table: Grid voltage connection levels for distributed generation in Germany, 2011
- Table: Categories of distributed generation, 2011
- Table: Comparison of fossil-fuel fired distributed generation systems, 2011
- Table: Reciprocating engine types, 2011
- Table: Engine classification by speed and size, 2011
- Table: Rich and lean burn engine performance characteristics, 2011
- Table: Gas turbine types, 2011
- Table: Breakdown of costs for steam turbine CHP plant (%), 2011
- Table: Microturbine specifications, 2011
- Table: Engine costs for distributed generation, 2011
- Table: California SGIP cogeneration plants by type, 2011
- Table: Phosphoric acid fuel cell, 2011
- Table: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, 2011
- Table: Molten carbonate fuel cell, 2011
- Table: Solid oxide fuel cell, 2011
- Table: Fuel cell costs, 2011
- Table: Stationary fuel cell sales by capacity (MW), 2011
- Table: Global installed wind capacity (GW), 2011
- Table: Global installed wind capacity by region (GW), 2011
- Table: Global solar pV installed capacity (MW), 2011
- Table: Solar cell installations by region (MW), 2011
- Table: Solar thermal power plant characteristics, 2011
- Table: Biomass power plant characteristics
- Table: Small hydropower categories, 2011
- Table: Small hydropower installed capacity by country (%), 2011
- Table: Typical costs for renewable distributed generation ($/kW), 2011
- Table: Pumped storage hydropower characteristics, 2011
- Table: Compressed air energy storage characteristics, 2011
- Table: Energy storage battery characteristics, 2011
- Table: Flywheel characteristics, 2011
- Table: Storage capacitor characteristics, 2011
- Table: Superconducting magnetic energy storage characteristics, 2011
- Table: Comparative costs for the most mature storage technologies, 2011
- Table: Microgrid key features, 2011
- Table: Virtual power plant key features, 2011
- Table: Distributed generation technology costs from this report ($/kW), 2011
- Table: Capital cost of low carbon generation technologies (£/kW), 2011
- Table: Capital cost of low carbon generation technologies to 2040 (£/kW)
- Table: Renewable distributed generation costs ($/kW), 2011
- Table: Levelized cost for distributed generation technologies ($/MWh), 2011
- Table: Levelized cost of electricity for low carbon generation technologies (£/MWh), 2011
- Table: Levelized cost of electricity for low carbon generation technologies in 2040 (£/kW)
- Table: Future distributed generation levelized costs in Australia (Au$/MWh), 2011
- Table: US average retail electricity prices by sector ($/MWh), 2011
- Table: Average retail electricity prices by sector, UK, 2007-10
- Table: Comparison of international retail electricity prices, 2010
- Table: Distributed generation market size by year ($bn), 2011
- Table: Global combined heat and power potential (GW), 2011
- Table: US predicted combined heat and power capacity to 2035 (MW)
- Table: UK potential combined heat and power capacity in health, education and commercial sectors to 2020 (MW)
- Table: Potential domestic CHP fuel cell market to 2015 (units)
- Table: Future solar photovoltaic market size to 2050 (GW)
FIGURES
- Figure: Breakdown of costs for steam turbine CHP plant (%), 2011
- Figure: Stationary fuel cell sales by capacity (MW), 2011
- Figure: Global installed wind capacity (GW), 2011
- Figure: Global installed wind capacity by region (GW), 2011
- Figure: Global solar pV installed capacity (MW), 2011
- Figure: Solar cell installations by region (MW), 2011
- Figure: Small hydropower installed capacity by country (%), 2011
- Figure: Typical costs for renewable distributed generation ($/kW), 2011
- Figure: Comparative costs for the most mature storage technologies ($/kW), 2011
- Figure: Comparative costs for the most mature storage technologies ($/kWh), 2011
- Figure: Distributed generation technology costs from this report ($/kW), 2011
- Figure: Capital cost of low carbon generation technologies (£/kW), 2011
- Figure: Capital cost of low carbon generation technologies to 2040 (£/kW)
- Figure: Renewable distributed generation costs ($/kW), 2011
- Figure: Levelized cost for distributed generation technologies ($/MWh), 2011
- Figure: Levelized cost of electricity for low carbon generation technologies (£/MWh), 2011
- Figure: Levelized cost of electricity for low carbon generation technologies in 2040 (£/kW)
- Figure: Future distributed generation levelized costs in Australia (Au$/MWh), 2011
- Figure: US average retail electricity prices by sector ($/MWh), 2011
- Figure: Comparison of international retail electricity prices (£/MWh), 2010
- Figure: Distributed generation market size by year ($bn), 2011
- Figure: Global combined heat and power potential (GW), 2011
- Figure: US predicted combined heat and power capacity to 2035 (MW)
- Figure: UK potential combined heat and power capacity in health, education and commercial sectors to 2020 (MW)
- Figure: Potential domestic CHP fuel cell market to 2015 (units)
- Figure: Future solar photovoltaic market size to 2050 (GW)
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